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1
.gitignore
vendored
1
.gitignore
vendored
@@ -1,4 +1,5 @@
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# LaTeX intermediate and output files
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result
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*.aux
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**/*.bak.*
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*.bbl
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@@ -6,8 +6,8 @@
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This chapter describes the methodology used to benchmark peer-to-peer
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mesh VPN implementations. The experimental design prioritizes
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reproducibility at every layer---from dependency management to network
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conditions---enabling independent verification of results and
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reproducibility at every layer; from dependency management to network
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conditions; enabling independent verification of results and
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facilitating future comparative studies.
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\section{Experimental Setup}
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@@ -20,7 +20,8 @@ identical specifications:
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\begin{itemize}
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\item \textbf{CPU:} Intel Model 94, 4 cores / 8 threads
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\item \textbf{Memory:} 64 GB RAM
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\item \textbf{Network:} 1 Gbps Ethernet (e1000e driver; one machine uses r8169)
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\item \textbf{Network:} 1 Gbps Ethernet (e1000e driver; one machine
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uses r8169)
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\item \textbf{Cryptographic acceleration:} AES-NI, AVX, AVX2, PCLMULQDQ,
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RDRAND, SSE4.2
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\end{itemize}
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@@ -56,7 +57,8 @@ mesh topologies. Table~\ref{tab:vpn_selection} summarizes the selection.
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\hline
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\textbf{VPN} & \textbf{Architecture} & \textbf{Notes} \\
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\hline
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Tailscale (Headscale) & Coordinated mesh & Open-source coordination server \\
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Tailscale (Headscale) & Coordinated mesh & Open-source
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coordination server \\
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ZeroTier & Coordinated mesh & Global virtual Ethernet \\
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Nebula & Coordinated mesh & Slack's overlay network \\
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Tinc & Fully decentralized & Established since 1998 \\
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@@ -210,7 +212,7 @@ effective round-trip impairment is approximately doubled.
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\textbf{Profile} & \textbf{Latency} & \textbf{Jitter} &
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\textbf{Loss} & \textbf{Reorder} & \textbf{Correlation} \\
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\hline
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Baseline & --- & --- & --- & --- & --- \\
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Baseline & ; & ; & ; & ; & ; \\
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Low & 2 ms & 2 ms & 0.25\% & 0.5\% & 25\% \\
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Medium & 4 ms & 7 ms & 1.0\% & 2.5\% & 50\% \\
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High & 12 ms & 30 ms & 5.0\% & 10\% & 50\% \\
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@@ -289,7 +291,8 @@ Key pinned inputs include:
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\item \textbf{nixpkgs:} Follows \texttt{clan-core/nixpkgs}, ensuring a
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single version across the dependency graph
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\item \textbf{clan-core:} The Clan framework, pinned to a specific commit
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\item \textbf{VPN sources:} Hyprspace, EasyTier, Nebula locked to exact commits
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\item \textbf{VPN sources:} Hyprspace, EasyTier, Nebula locked to
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exact commits
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\item \textbf{Build infrastructure:} flake-parts, treefmt-nix, disko,
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nixos-facter-modules
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\end{itemize}
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@@ -312,7 +315,7 @@ configuration entirely or rolls back.
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Clan's inventory system maps machines to service roles declaratively.
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For each VPN, the orchestrator writes an inventory entry assigning
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machines to roles (e.g., Nebula lighthouse vs.\ peer). The Clan module
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system translates this into NixOS configuration---systemd services,
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system translates this into NixOS configuration; systemd services,
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firewall rules, peer lists, and key references. The same inventory
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entry always produces the same NixOS configuration.
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@@ -364,12 +367,11 @@ environments across benchmark runs.
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Lackorzynski et al.\ \cite{lackorzynski_comparative_2019} evaluate
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VPN protocols in the context of industrial communication systems (Industry 4.0),
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benchmarking OpenVPN, IPSec, Tinc, Freelan, MACsec, and WireGuard.
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Their analysis focuses on point-to-point protocol performance---throughput,
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latency, and CPU overhead---rather than overlay network behavior.
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Their analysis focuses on point-to-point protocol performance; throughput,
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latency, and CPU overhead; rather than overlay network behavior.
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In contrast, this thesis evaluates VPNs that provide a full data plane
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with peer-to-peer connectivity, NAT traversal, and dynamic peer discovery.
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\subsection{Full-Mesh VPN Performance Evaluation}
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Kjorveziroski et al.\ \cite{kjorveziroski_full-mesh_2024} provide a
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@@ -388,4 +390,3 @@ This thesis extends their work in several ways:
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\item Fully reproducible experimental framework via Nix/NixOS/Clan
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\end{itemize}
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@@ -3,8 +3,10 @@
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\label{Motivation}
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Peer-to-peer architectures promise censorship-resistant, fault-tolerant
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infrastructure by eliminating single points of failure \cite{shukla_towards_2021}.
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These architectures underpin a growing range of systems---from IoT edge computing
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infrastructure by eliminating single points of failure
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\cite{shukla_towards_2021}.
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These architectures underpin a growing range of systems---from IoT
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edge computing
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and content delivery networks to blockchain platforms like Ethereum.
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Yet realizing these benefits requires distributing nodes across
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genuinely diverse hosting entities.
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@@ -14,7 +16,8 @@ Amazon, Hetzner, and OVH collectively host 70\% of all Ethereum nodes
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(see Figure~\ref{fig:ethernodes_hosting}),
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concentrating nominally decentralized infrastructure
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within a handful of cloud providers.
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More concerning, these providers operate under overlapping regulatory jurisdictions,
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More concerning, these providers operate under overlapping regulatory
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jurisdictions,
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predominantly the United States and the European Union.
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This concentration undermines technical sovereignty:
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a single governmental action could compel service termination,
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@@ -28,7 +31,8 @@ data disclosure, or traffic manipulation across a majority of the network.
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\label{fig:ethernodes_hosting}
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\end{figure}
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Why does this centralization persist despite the explicit goals of decentralization?
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Why does this centralization persist despite the explicit goals of
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decentralization?
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The answer lies in the practical barriers to self-hosting.
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Cloud providers offer static IP addresses and publicly routable endpoints,
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eliminating the networking complexity that plagues residential and
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@@ -36,8 +40,10 @@ small-office deployments.
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Most internet-connected devices sit behind Network Address Translation (NAT),
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which prevents incoming connections without explicit port forwarding
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or relay infrastructure.
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Combined with dynamic IP assignments from ISPs, maintaining stable peer connectivity
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from self-hosted infrastructure traditionally required significant technical expertise.
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Combined with dynamic IP assignments from ISPs, maintaining stable
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peer connectivity
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from self-hosted infrastructure traditionally required significant
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technical expertise.
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Overlay VPNs offer a solution to this fundamental barrier.
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By establishing encrypted tunnels that traverse NAT boundaries,
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@@ -57,7 +63,8 @@ reducing operational overhead to a degree where a single administrator
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can reliably self-host complex distributed services.
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Overlay VPNs are central to Clan's architecture,
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providing the secure peer connectivity that enables nodes
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to form cohesive networks regardless of their physical location or NAT situation.
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to form cohesive networks regardless of their physical location or
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NAT situation.
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As illustrated in Figure~\ref{fig:vision-stages}, Clan envisions
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a web interface that enables users to design and deploy private P2P networks
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with minimal configuration, assisted by an integrated LLM
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@@ -79,7 +86,8 @@ benchmarks a subset of mesh VPNs but focuses primarily
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on solutions with a central point of failure.
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In contrast, this thesis evaluates more widely adopted mesh VPNs
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with an emphasis on fully decentralized architectures.
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Furthermore, that study relied exclusively on iperf3 for performance measurement,
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Furthermore, that study relied exclusively on iperf3 for performance
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measurement,
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whereas our benchmark suite includes real-world workloads
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to better reflect practical usage patterns.
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12
main.tex
12
main.tex
@@ -152,17 +152,19 @@ and Management}} % Your department's name and URL, this is used in
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\begin{minipage}[t]{0.4\textwidth}
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\begin{flushleft} \large
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\emph{Author:}\\
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\href{http://www.johnsmith.com}{\authorname} % Author name -
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% remove the \href bracket to remove the link
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\textcolor{mdtRed}{\authorname}
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\end{flushleft}
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\end{minipage}
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\begin{minipage}[t]{0.4\textwidth}
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\begin{flushright} \large
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\emph{First Examiner:} \\
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\textcolor{mdtRed}{Prof.\ Dr.\ \textsc{Stefan Schmidt}}\\[1em]
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\emph{Second Examiner:} \\
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\textcolor{mdtRed}{\textsc{[TBD]}}\\[1em]
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\emph{Supervisor:} \\
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\href{http://www.jamessmith.com}{\supname} % Supervisor name
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% - remove the \href bracket to remove the link
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\textcolor{mdtRed}{\supname}
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\end{flushright}
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\end{minipage}\\[3cm]
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\end{minipage}\\[2cm]
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\vfill
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